June 2026

The Toronto Urban Evolution Model (TUEM) offers a formal language for generat- ing empirical claims about urban evolution. Its basic unit is the formeme: information about how space is physically organized for particular activities and groups. This paper operationalizes a limited observable subset of TUEM through linked histori- cal evidence...

The marginal cost of generating a research paper with large language models (LLMs) has fallen sharply, from thousands of dollars in researcher time to a few dollars of compute. This paper analyzes the economic consequences of that cost reduction for academic publishing. We argue that cheap AI-assisted paper generation does...